Words Worth Noting - September 4, 2025

“Primitive societies commonly attributed magical powers to their chieftains; The Pharaohs Egypt, the incas of Peru, the emperors of Japan were all revered as divine being; The Roman Caesars bore the title Pontifex Maximus. In modern totalitarian despotisms, where the party structure provides a travesty of a church, the simultaneous control of party and state is the very essence of a dictator’s authority. We need not be surprised, then, that in the Middle Ages also there were rulers who aspired to supreme spiritual and temporal power. The truly exceptional thing is that in medieval times there were always at least two claimants to the role, each commanding a formidable apparatus of government, and that for century after century neither was able to dominate the other completely, so that the duality persisted, was eventually rationalized in works of political theory and ultimately built into the structure of European society. This situation profoundly influenced the development of Western constitutionalism.”

Author’s “Introduction” to Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church & State 1050-1300